GQ-11: A new PPAR agonist improves obesity-induced metabolic alterations in LDLr −/− mice

Background Obesity and insulin resistance/diabetes are important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and demand safe and efficacious therapeutics. Objective To assess the effects of a new thiazolidine compound—GQ-11—on obesity and insulin resistance induced by a diabetogenic diet in LDL receptor-deficient (LDLr −/− ) mice. Methods Molecular docking simulations of GQ-11, PPARα and PPARγ structures were performed. Male C57BL/6J LDLr −/− mice fed a diabetogenic diet for 24 weeks were treated with vehicle, GQ-11 or pioglitazone or (20 mg/kg/day) for 28 days by oral gavage. Glucose tolerance test, insulin, HOMA-IR, adipokines (leptin, adiponectin) and the lipid profile were assessed after treatment. Adipose tissue was analysed by X-ray analysis and morphometry; gene and protein expression were evaluated by real-time PCR and western blot, respectively. Results GQ-11 showed partial agonism to PPARγ and PPARα. In vivo, treatment with GQ-11 ameliorated insulin sensitivity and did not modify subcutaneous adipose tissue and body weight gain. In addition, GQ-11 restored adipokine imbalance induced by a diabetogenic diet and enhanced Glut-4 expression in the adipose tissue. Improved insulin sensitivity was also associated with lower levels of MCP-1 and higher levels of IL-10. Furthermore, GQ-11 reduced triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol and increased HDL-cholesterol by upregulation of Apoa1 and Abca1 gene expression in the liver. Conclusion GQ-11 is a partial/dual PPARα/γ agonist that demonstrates anti-diabetic effects. Additionally, it improves the lipid profile and ameliorates chronic inflammation associated with obesity in atherosclerosis-prone mice.