Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults Living in 3 Different Altitude Regions in the Tibetan Plateau

Background: Living at high altitude may have undesirable effects on the kidney. We explored the chronic kidney disease (CKD) prevalence and risk factors among the residents living at different altitude in Tibetan Plateau. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2014 to 2016 in Linzhi (2900 m altitude), Lhasa (3650 m) and Anduo (4700 m). Information on the cardiovascular risk factors was collected and blood and urine samples were measured. Results: The data of 1707 subjects aged >= 35 y were analyzed. The age-standardized prevalence of CKD in Linzhi, Lhasa and Anduo was 27.7% (95% CI: 22.1-33.3%), 18.3% (12.7-24.0%) and 30.4% (23.5-37.3%) in men and 37.7% (31.8-43.6%), 29.5% (24.6-34.4%) and 36.7% (29.0-44.4%) in women, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression showed that age, female gender, systolic blood pressure, fasting serum glucose, with primary school education or lower were associated with higher risk of CKD and living in Lhasa was associated with lower risk of CKD. Conclusion: A higher prevalence of CKD was found in the residents living in the Tibetan Plateau. However, for the highlanders living at higher altitude does not mean higher risk. The CKD risk factors found in this study are similar to those in other studies.