Translational control of phloem development by RNA G-quadruplex–JULGI determines plant sink strength

The emergence of a plant vascular system was a prerequisite for the colonization of land; however, it is unclear how the photosynthate transporting system was established during plant evolution. Here, we identify a novel translational regulatory module for phloem development involving the zinc-finger protein JULGI (JUL) and its targets, the 5′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of the SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1-LIKE4/5 ( SMXL4/5 ) mRNAs, which is exclusively conserved in vascular plants. JUL directly binds and induces an RNA G-quadruplex in the 5′ UTR of SMXL4/5 , which are key promoters of phloem differentiation. We show that RNA G-quadruplex formation suppresses SMXL4/5 translation and restricts phloem differentiation. In turn, JUL deficiency promotes phloem formation and strikingly increases sink strength per seed. We propose that the translational regulation by the JUL/5′ UTR G-quadruplex module is a major determinant of phloem establishment, thereby determining carbon allocation to sink tissues, and that this mechanism was a key invention during the emergence of vascular plants.