A Novel Method for Determining Sagittal Pediatric Patellar Height with the Blumensaat-Epiphyseal Containment of the Knee Angle.

Defining normal pediatric patellar height is complicated. Current methods use ratios calculated from lateral radiographs, but often provide inconsistent results and are time-consuming. It has been observed that the angle formed by Blumensaat's line and the distal femoral physis, when extended, form an area of patellar containment throughout a range of knee flexion. Deemed the Blumensaat-Epiphyseal Containment of the Knee (BECK) Angle, the objective of this study was to investigate this as a simple alternative to identify normal pediatric patellar height. Lateral radiographs were taken every 15 degrees from 0 degrees to 90 degrees flexion on 10 fresh-frozen cadaveric knees. Patellar height was measured as the percentage of pole-to-pole patellar length contained within the BECK angle. The method was then applied to normal lateral radiographs of 105 pediatric knees, divided into age groups of 7-9, 10-12, and 13-16 years old. BECK angle patellar containment was compared with previously described methods. For cadaveric specimens, at least 50% patellar containment occurred between 0 degrees and 71 degrees flexion without quadriceps tension and between 21 degrees and 81 degrees flexion with 30 N of quadriceps tension. For pediatric radiographs, flexion ranged from 9 degrees to 81 degrees. At least 50% patellar containment occurred in 96% of knees in all three age groups. Knee flexion fell within a range of 15 degrees-60 degrees in 92 of the 105 pediatric knees. Limiting the analysis to this range, at least 50% patellar containment occurred in 99% of knees in all three age groups. On the basis of this study, normal pediatric knee lateral radiographs between 15 degrees and 60 degrees flexion should show at least 50% patellar containment within the BECK angle.