Generation of Functional Kidney Organoids In Vivo Starting from a Single-Cell Suspension.

Novel methods in developmental biology and stem cell research have made it possible to generate complex kidney tissues in vitro that resemble whole organs and are termed organoids. In this chapter we describe a technique using suspensions of fully dissociated mouse kidney cells to yield organoids that can become vascularized in vivo and mature and display physiological functions. This system can be used to produce fine-grained human-mouse chimeric organoids in which the renal differentiation potential of human cells can be assessed. It can also be an excellent method for growing chimeric organoids in vivo using human stem cells, which can differentiate into specialized kidney cells and exert nephron-specific functions. We provide detailed methods, a brief discussion of critical points, and describe some successfully implemented examples of the system.