Characterising drug-polymer bead interactions using isothermal titration calorimetry.

Isothermal titration calorimetry was used to investigate thermodynamic and kinetic binding interactions between 4 clinically relevant drugs: doxorubicin (Dox), irinotecan (Iri), mitoxantrone (Mitox), and topotecan (Topo) and a range of commercially available embolization microspheres. Five drug-eluting beads were chosen to consider the effect of bead size (ranging from 70-150 μm to 500-700 μm) and bead type (sulfonate-modified polyvinylalcohol hydrogel, known commercially as DC BeadM1™, and a sulfonate-modified polyethylene glycol hydrogel bead, known commercially as LifePearl™). The molar ratio of drug to SO3− was found to be 0.9:1, 0.8:1, 0.4:1, and 0.9:1 for Dox, Iri, Mitox, and Topo, respectively. These findings indicate the steric effects of drug shape, charge, and size on binding ability. Four distinct bead sizes all produced drug:bead binding ratios of >0.9:1 doxorubicin:SO3−, thus indicating that bead size does not affect binding stoichiometry. Interestingly, bead size did affect the rate of binding as bead size was found to be indirectly proportional to binding rate. Finally, it was found for the sulfonate-modified polyethylene glycol hydrogel beads that doxorubicin binding was faster (at certain ratios of drug to bead) than that for the sulfonate-modified polyvinylalcohol hydrogel yet was maximal at a drug to bead ratio of only 0.7:1.