Embryology of coronary arteries and anatomy/pathophysiology of coronary anomalies. A comprehensive update.

•New insights into normal and abnormal coronary artery embryogenesis and their relevance to data from intravascular ultrasonography.•Many cellular and molecular interactions involved in coronary development and Possible anomalies that may result from dysfunctions in Notch and Hypo signaling pathways, angiogenic and arteriogenic molecules and neural crest cells.•Discussions underscore the critical relevance of various cellular and molecular mechanisms and their implications for coronary dysfunction.•Special consideration of fixed versus phasic stenosis or intermittent spasm, and “left ventricular non-compaction.”