Detection of Pancreatic Cancer by Urine Volatile Organic Compound Analysis.

Background/Aim: Most pancreatic cancer patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, since the diagnosis is demanding. Field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) is a sensitive technique used for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOC). We evaluated the ability of FAIMS to discriminate between pancreatic cancer and healthy controls from a urine sample. Patients and Methods: For a proof-of-concept study in three Finnish hospitals, 68 patients with pancreatic cancer, 36 with acute pancreatitis, 18 with chronic pancreatitis, 8 with pancreatic pre-malign lesions and 52 healthy controls were prospectively recruited. Urine samples were collected at the time of diagnosis and stored at -70 degrees C. The samples were subsequently measured with FAIMS. The data were processed with linear discriminant analysis and cross-validated with leave-one-out cross-validation. Results: FAIMS distinguished pancreatic cancer from controls with a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 79%. Conclusion: As a non-invasive and rapid urine test, FAIMS can discriminate patients with pancreatic cancer from healthy controls.