On the Stability of Density Stratified Flow Below a Ponded Surface

Flooding of coastal areas with seawater often leads to density stratification. The stability of the density-depth profile in a porous medium initially saturated with a fluid of density ρ _f after flooding with a salt solution of higher density ρ _s is analyzed. The standard convection/diffusion equation subject to the so-called Boussinesq approximation is used. The depth of the porous medium is assumed to be infinite in the analytical approaches and finite in the numerical simulations. Two cases are distinguished: the laterally unbounded 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐀 and the laterally bounded 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐁 . The ratio of the diffusivity and the density difference (ρ _s - ρ _f) induced gravitational shear flow is an intrinsic length scale of the problem. In the unbounded 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐀 , this geometric length scale is the only length scale and using it to write the problem in dimensionless form results in a formulation with Rayleigh number R = 1 . In the bounded 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐁 , the lateral geometry provides another length scale. Using this geometrical length scale to write the problem in dimensionless form results in a formulation with a Rayleigh number R given by the ratio of the geometric and intrinsic length scales. For both 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐀 and 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐁 , the well-known Boltzmann similarity solution provides the ground state. Three analytical approaches are used to study the stability of this ground state, the first two based on the linearized perturbation equation for the concentration and the third based on the full nonlinear equation. For the first linear approach, the surface spatial density gradient is used as an approximation of the entire background density profile. This results in a crude estimate of the L^2 -norm of the concentration showing that the perturbation at first grows, but eventually decays in time. For the other two approaches, the full ground-state solution is used, although for the second linear approach subject to the restriction that the ground state slowly evolves in time (the so-called frozen profile approximation). Just like the ground state, the resulting eigenvalue problems can be written in terms of the Boltzmann variable. The linearized stability approach holds only for infinitesimal small perturbations, whereas the nonlinear, variational energy approach is not subject to such a restriction. The results for all three approaches can be expressed in terms of Boltzmann √(t) transformed relationships between the system Rayleigh number and perturbation wave number. The results of the linear and nonlinear approaches are surprisingly close to each other. Based on the system Rayleigh number, this allows delineation of systems that are unconditionally stable, marginally stable, or transiently unstable. These analytical predictions are confirmed by direct two-dimensional numerical simulations, which also show the details of the transient instabilities as function of the wave number for 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐀 and the wave number and Rayleigh number for 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐁 . A numerical example of the effect of a layer with low permeability is also shown. Using typical values of the physical parameters, the analytical and numerical results are interpreted in terms of dimensional length and time scales. In particular, an explicit stability criterion is given for vertical column experiments.