Programming for Citizenship: The Conditional Cash Transfer Programme in El Salvador

State-sponsored social protection, while addressing social and economic rights in the concept of citizenship, has rarely engaged systematically with its promotion as a social good. This paper reviews El Salvador's experience with programming for citizenship' in its Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) Programme. Citizenship was promoted through local representative structures, and non-formal education. Outcomes are explained by local political histories, divergent objectives, limited bandwidth in the context of complex programme management, and the structural confines of CCT programme design. Impacts on women's personal empowerment were strongest. El Salvador's experience provides lessons for CCT programmes aiming for transformational outcomes.