Escaping Host Immunity: New Tricks for Plant Pathogens.

Fungal and oomycete plant pathogens cause destructive diseases in crops and pose real economic and food security threats [1]. These filamentous, eukaryotic organisms can also upset natural ecosystems when they spread invasively [2]. The capability of plant immune systems to detect and respond to pathogen effector proteins is a major determinant of disease susceptibility. Plant pathogen effector proteins that trigger host immunity are often encoded by conditionally detrimental genes that are under strong and contrasting selective pressures [3,4]. Pathogen effectors evolved to play a positive role in virulence by enabling growth and reproduction on host plants [5,6]. Nonetheless, effectors can meet their match with host immune receptors that recognize their presence, a result that ends badly for the pathogen. Such immunity-triggering proteins are known as avirulence (Avr) effectors, encoded by Avr genes.