Adsorbent synthesis of polypyrrole/TiO2 for effective fluoride removal from aqueous solution for drinking water purification: Adsorbent characterization and adsorption mechanism

The PPy/TiO2 composite can be used in the purification of fluoride containing water for drinking. The adsorption is prominently conducted through electrostatic attraction, and ionic exchange and chelation may be also involved. Hydroxyls and positively charged nitrogen atoms play important roles in the adsorption.