EARtrodes: Towards a wireless in-ear custom-fitted brain computer interface

Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) can directly translate human intentions into discrete commands, bypassing the motor system. Most non-invasive BCI systems currently in use are based on electroencephalography (EEG) recording technology. While traditional EEG-based BCIs achieve high information transfer rates, these systems are facing important limitations. First, they cannot be used in daily life as they are bulky and sensitive to movement. Second, the scalp caps used to position electrodes are inadequate for social settings. To overcome these two limitations a portable and unobtrusive ear-EEG recording system was developed and tested against a traditional laboratory EEG system. The ear-EEG system senses brain-electrical signals from in and around-the ear, using custom-fitted earpieces. The objective of the current study is to assess if ear-EEG could produce results similar to the ones obtained from conventional EEG apparatus. Miniaturized wet electrodes were installed in a SonoFit™ custom-fitted in-ear audio platform developed by EERS (Montreal, Canada). This in-ear audio platform was coupled with a behind-the-ear piece forming a 5 mini electrodes interface. Auditory steady state responses (ASSRs) were collected with this prototype setup, dubbed “EARtrodes”, and compared to those obtained with a well-established, wired laboratory EEG recording system, the Rotman MASTER research system developed at the Baycrest Centre (University of Toronto, Canada). Although EARtrodesu0027 signals show lower amplitudes, corresponding signal-to-noise ratios were similar with both systems. As a consequence, the proposed EARtrodes seems to be a promising candidate for future small, mobile, and unobtrusive BCI platforms, but further research is needed to investigate event-related potentials obtained from an auditory oddball and a mismatch negativity paradigm to further support such statement. In the long term ear-EEG systems like EARtrodes could be merged with other audio devices, such as hearing aids and headphones, to build next-generation devices that dynamically adapt to the listener’s intentions and cognitive state changes.