A solvent-switched in situ confinement approach for immobilizing highly-active ultrafine palladium nanoparticles: boosting catalytic hydrogen evolution

A facile and effective solvent-switched in situ confinement approach (SSISCA) has been developed to immobilize ultrafine and clean Pd NPs of similar to 1.75 nm into a nanoporous carbon support. The Pd NPs in situ confined within the carbon nanopores possess high catalytic activity and selectivity for hydrogen evolution from formic acid with a recordhigh TOF of 9110 h(-1) at 60 degrees C.