Measurement of the average shape of longitudinal profiles of cosmic-ray air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Alexander Aab,Nataliia Borodai,Ricardo Jorge Barreira Luz,Germano Guedes,Ricardo Sato,Vladimir Novotny,Felix Schlüter,Jonny Kleinfeller, Marina Scornavacche,Bruno Daniel,Juan Pallotta,Corinne Berat,Francesco Fenu,Diego Melo,Giovanni Morlino,Matthias Kleifges,Fernando Catalani,Peter Biermann,Alan Fuster,Pierpaolo Savina,Stephane Coutu,Giuseppe De Mauro,Martin Urban,Ewa M Holt,Sergio Sciutto,Markus Risse,Anderson Fauth,Alexander Menshikov,Francesco Salamida,Lili Yang,Robert Halliday,François Montanet,Darko Veberič,Gualberto Avila,Alejandro Almela,Maria Giller,Cynthia Ventura,Ahmed Saleh,Diego Ravignani,Filipe de Oliveira Salles,Sarah Müller,Lukas Middendorf,Valerio Pirronello,Valerio Verzi,Charles Timmermans,Mikhail Stolpovskiy,Thomas Hebbeker,Belén Andrada,Antonio Bueno, Nikolas Kemmerich,Juan Carlos D'Olivo,David Wittkowski,Ana Martina Botti,Jakub Jurysek,Patrick van Bodegom,Arnulfo Zepeda,Ivone Albuquerque,Radomir Šmída,Antonio Insolia,Indira D Vergara Quispe,Sergio Petrera,Sebastian Mathys,Maria Isabel Micheletti,Paula Gina Isar,Tristan Sudholz,Achille Nucita,Bjarni Pont,Carlo Morello,A Daniel Supanitsky,Andrej Dundovic,Andrew Puyleart,Carola Dobrigkeit,Philipp Papenbreer,Dusan Mandat,Mauricio Suárez-Durán,Miroslav Palatka,Bernardo Tomé,Libor Nožka,Lino Miramonti,Patricia Hansen,Zizhao Zong,Edivaldo Moura Santos, Raphael Krause,Olivier Deligny,Johannes Schumacher, Massimo Mastrodicasa, Ariel Bridgeman,Roberto Mussa,Antonella Castellina,Karl-Heinz Becker,Julian Kemp,Gasper Kukec Mezek,Jorge F Soriano,Humberto Salazar,Marvin Gottowik,Christian Sarmiento-Cano,Oscar Martínez Bravo,Rodrigo Pelayo,Roberta Colalillo,Kai Daumiller,Aida López Casado,Jesús Peña-Rodriguez, Marcio Aparecido Muller,Carlos O Escobar,Jaroslaw Stasielak,Carla Bleve,Jan Pękala,Hernán Gonzalo Asorey,Giovanni Mancarella,Jose Augusto Chinellato,Johannes Hulsman,Pedro Assis,Ángel Cancio,Gustavo Medina-Tanco,Enrique Varela,Dieter Heck,Marcus Wirtz,Federico Suarez,Miroslav Hrabovský,Jakub Vicha,Marco Aglietta,Petr Travnicek, Simon G Blaess,Jacco Vink,Michał Wiedeński,Ad M van den Berg,Agustín Cobos Cerutti, Czeslaw Porowski,Michael Ziolkowski,Toshihiro Fujii,Karen S Caballero-Mora,Samo Stanič,Marc Weber,Ronald C Shellard,Peter Mazur, Jose Sanabria Gomez,Peter Buchholz, Mathew J Cooper,Piera Luisa Ghia,Octavian Sima,Gaetano Salina,Andreas Haungs,Silvia Mollerach,Dariusz Góra, Viviana Scherini,Marco Giammarchi,Lorenzo Caccianiga,Eva Santos,Guillermo Torralba Elipe,Giovanni Consolati, Remigiusz Legumina,Ralf Ulrich, Jeffrey A Johnsen, Jan Šupík, Marta Trini,Gregory Snow,Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz,Gabriella Cataldi, Philipp Heimann,Luis Núñez,Matías Perlin,Roger W Clay,Ioana Mariş, Jorge Rubén Rodriguez Rojo,Corbin Covault,Marcus Niechciol, Mariela Josebachuili,Carlos Hojvat,Michael Unger,Alejandra Parra,Florian Lukas Briechle,Harald Schieler, Bernardo Vargas Cárdenas,Humberto Martinez,Miguel Mostafá, Isabel Goos, Alexander Streich,Denise Boncioli,Serguei Vorobiov,Mario Buscemi,Ugo Giaccari, Philip Ruehl,Esteban Roulet,Carla Bonifazi,Rebeca López,Jose A Bellido,Patrick Stassi,Geraldina Golup,Arjen van Vliet,Ruben Conceição,Felix Riehn,Paul Sommers,Violet M Harvey,Mário Pimenta,Maria Teresa Dova,Fausto Guarino,Sofia Andringa,Glennys Farrar,Kevin-Druis Merenda,Lawrence Wiencke,Karl-Heinz Kampert,James Matthews, Bianca Keilhauer,Ricardo Vázquez,Sergio Dasso,Justin M Albury, Bogdan Mitrica,Alex Tapia,Ines Valiño,Antoine Letessier-Selvon,Alan Watson, Benedikt Zimmermann,Sean Quinn,Mariano Gómez Berisso,Hans Klages,Danilo Zavrtanik,Quentin Luce, Jose F Valdés Galicia,Christine Peters,Phong H Nguyen,Stanislav Michal,Julian Rautenberg,Daniel Kuempel,Sijbrand J de Jong,Raul Sarmento,Vincenzo Rizi,Alvaro Taboada,Vitor de Souza,Olaf Scholten, Gaia Silli,Matias Tueros,Miroslav Pech,Manuel Platino,Beatriz García,Gonzalo Parente,Heino Falcke, Thomas A Harrison,Francesca Zuccarello,Stijn Buitink, Laura Valore,Mihai Niculescu-Oglinzanu,Marko Zavrtanik,Tobias Winchen,Sebastian Baur,Danielle LaHurd,Jamyang Phuntsok, Francisco Diogo,Isabelle Lhenry-Yvon,Luiz Augusto Pereira,Bradley C Manning,Michael Prouza, Julien Souchard,Juan Miguel Carceller,Zbigniew Szadkowski,Alaa Kuotb Awad,Jan Ridky,Sonja Schröder,John Farmer,Michael Schimp,Alan Coleman,Trent D Grubb,Paolo Privitera,Frank G Schröder,Markus Schauer,Nicolás González,Sven Querchfeld,Guenter Sigl,Tiina Suomijärvi,Bruce R Dawson,Adrian Rovero, Martín Miguel Freire,Luis Anchordoqui,Tanguy Pierog,Norberto Fazzini,Giovanni Marsella,Felicia Barbato,Eleonora Guido,David Schmidt,Maximilian Reininghaus,Alberto Blanco, Jesus Alvarez Castillo,Tim Huege,Jason Poh,Diego Harari,Fridtjof Feldbusch,Agustin Lucero,Gary C Hill,Jaime de Oliveira,Lukas Nellen,Oscar Alejandro Taborda, Brian Wundheiler,Juan Manuel Figueira,Carla Aramo,Rossella Caruso,Piotr Homola,Alina Mihaela Badescu, Giorgio Matthiae,Dalibor Nosek,Ryan Lorek,Laura Calcagni,Paul Mantsch,Ingolf Jandt,Fernando Contreras, Qader Dorosti,Mario Edoardo Bertaina,Fred Sarazin,Francisco Pedreira,Daniela Mockler,Matías Rolf Hampel,Bruno L Lago,Federico Sánchez,Hernan Wahlberg,Gioacchino Alex Anastasi,Dave Nitz,Raul Ribeiro Prado,Pavel Horvath,Jörg Hörandel,Enrique Zas,Andrej Filipčič,Thomas Bretz,Jiri Chudoba,Alexey Yushkov,Andreas Weindl, Mary Lucia Díaz Castro,Jonas Glombitza,Xavier Bertou, Martin Schimassek,Ana L Müller, Denis Stanca,Jeffrey Brack,Ruben Squartini,Matías J Roncoroni, Pablo Ristori, Luciano Pablo Ferreyro,Angela Olinto,Fabrizia Canfora,Antonio Condorelli,Rogerio M de Almeida,Raúl Ramos-Pollan,Lorenzo Perrone,Jonathan Biteau,Henryk Wilczyński, Martina Boháčová,Jan Ebr,Rita dos Anjos,Luis Villaseñor,Joao de Mello Neto,Eric Mayotte,Pedro Abreu,Alessio Gorgi, Vladimir Lenok,Maria Paola Panetta,Carlos J Todero Peixoto,Daniele Martello,Ingomar Allekotte,Alena Bakalova,Hermann-Josef Mathes,Luis Lopes,Ralph Engel, Lukas Zehrer,Analisa Mariazzi,Jiri Blazek,Joachim Debatin,Hartmut Gemmeke,Maria Rita Coluccia,Rodrigo Guedes Lang,Alex Kääpä,Alexandru Balaceanu,Petr Schovánek,Niraj Dhital,Alberto Etchegoyen,Ladislav Chytka,Dariusz Głas, Steven J Saffi,Alexandru Gherghel-Lascu,Martin Erdmann, Marcelo Augusto Leigui de Oliveira,Max Malacari,Lorenzo Cazon,Domenico Lo Presti,Alexandra Saftoiu,Jarryd A Day,Markus Roth, Primo F Gómez Vitale,Ivan De Mitri,Washington Rodrigues de Carvalho, Otto Carlos Lippmann

JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS（2019）

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摘要

The profile of the longitudinal development of showers produced by ultra-high energy cosmic rays carries information related to the interaction properties of the primary particles with atmospheric nuclei. In this work, we present the first measurement of the average shower pro file in traversed atmospheric depth at the Pierre Auger Observatory. The shapes of profiles are well reproduced by the Gaisser-Hillas parametrization within the range studied, for E > 10(17.8) eV. A detailed analysis of the systematic uncertainties is performed using ten years of data and a full detector simulation. The average shape is quantified using two variables related to the width and asymmetry of the profile, and the results are compared with predictions of hadronic interaction models for different primary particles.

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关键词

cosmic rays detectors,ultra high energy cosmic rays

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