Multimodal Representation of Complex Spatial Data.

For blind users, spatial information is often presented in non-spatial form such as electronic speech.We explore the possibility of representing spatial data on refreshable tactile graphic displays in combination with audio feedback and utilizing both static and dynamic tactile information. We demonstrate an implementation of a New York Times style crossword puzzle, providing interactions to query location and stored data, ask for clues in across and down directions, edit and fill in the crossword puzzle using a Perkins style braille keyboard or a typewriter-style keyboard , and verify answers. Through our demonstration, we explore tradeoffs related to available tactile real estate, and overcrowding of the tactile image with a view toward reducing the cognitive workload involved in retaining a working mental model of the active grid, and the time to complete a letter placement task.