Evaluating sub-lethal stress from Roundup exposure in Artemia franciscana using H NMR and GC-MS.

•GC–MS and 1H NMR identified 43 metabolites in Artemia extracts.•Multivariate analysis revealed dose-dependent differences in metabolite expression from Roundup® exposure.•Isopropylamine in the Roundup® formulation contributed to the metabolic perturbation.•Roundup® exposure affected one-carbon, carbohydrate, microbial, and energy metabolism.