Factors Associated With Small Aggressive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers in the National Lung Screening Trial: A Validation Study.

Emphysema may play a role in early lung cancer progression. Females with a family history of lung cancer are at increased risk of having small aggressive lung adenocarcinomas. These results validate previous findings and encourage research on the role of female hormones interacting with family history and genetic factors in lung carcinogenesis and progression.