Hyperflares of M Dwarfs

From a study of the light curves of the M dwarfs observed by the Kepler space telescope in its primary mission, a number of flare events with the peak flux increases reaching more than the nominal stellar luminosity have been found. One of them, KIC 9201463, produced an extreme flare with the peak flux increase jumping to five times the quiet-time value. In relative terms, this class of hyperflares is much stronger than the superflares of the solar-type stars and could have a very important influence on the atmospheric evolution and the potential development of biospheres of habitable super-Earths orbiting around M dwarf stars. A cross-correlation of the flare activities of some of these M dwarf stars and their Hα equivalent width (EW) values derived from the LAMOST project indicates that the Hα EW values can be used to monitor the occurrence of hyperflares as well as the level of flare activity of different classes of M dwarfs with fast to slow rotations, and hence the long-term environmental effects of star–planet interaction of exoplanets.