A Worldwide Cost-based Design and Optimization of Tilted Bifacial Solar Farms.

•A new perspective on LCOE that decouples cost and performance of solar farms.•Optimization of solar farm design using essential Module to Land cost ratio (ML).•Modeling of direct, diffuse, and albedo light collection for tilted bifacial PV.•2–6% reduction in LCOE for bifacial over monofacial PV farm for |latitude| > 30°.•Global maps, opportunities, and challenges for bifacial vs. monofacial PV farm.