A Pixel-Based Optimization Method for the Design of Optically Transparent Antennas and Circuits

Antennas and circuits based on transparent conductive materials inevitably suffer from a higher degree of attenuation as compared to copper-based circuits since these materials have higher surface resistances. In order to overcome this problem, an efficient pixel-based optimization methodology is proposed and validated for a transmission line. Two optically transparent materials, indium-tin oxide and copper-mesh, are specifically considered, although the proposed methodology is applicable to other materials, such as silver nano-wires and graphene.