Evolution of a Magnetic Flux Rope toward Eruption

It is well accepted that a magnetic flux rope (MFR) is a critical component of many coronal mass ejections (CMEs), yet how it evolves toward eruption remains unclear. Here we investigate the continuous evolution of a pre-existing MFR, which is rooted in strong photospheric magnetic fields and electric currents. The evolution of the MFR is observed by the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) and the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) from multiple viewpoints. From STEREO's perspective, the MFR starts to rise slowly above the limb five hours before it erupts as a halo CME on 2012 June 14. In SDO observations, conjugate dimmings develop on the disk, simultaneously with the gradual expansion of the MFR, suggesting that the dimmings map the MFR's feet. The evolution comprises a two-stage gradual expansion followed by another stage of rapid acceleration/eruption. Quantitative measurements indicate that magnetic twist of the MFR increases from 1.0 +/- 0.5 to 2.0 +/- 0.5 turns during the five-hour expansion, and further increases to about 4.0 turns per astronomical unit (au) when detected as a magnetic cloud at 1 au two days later. In addition, each stage is preceded by flare(s), implying reconnection is actively involved in the evolution and eruption of the MFR. The implications of these measurements on the CME initiation mechanisms are discussed.