Non-coding RNAs: the gatekeepers of neural network activity

•NcRNAs coordinate the switch in GABA-mediated chloride current.•In early life, ncRNAs instruct dendritic growth, axon guidance, and synapse formation.•MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) regulate axon regeneration after injury.•Intrinsic excitability is modulated by miRNA-mediated control of ion channel expression.•Both presynaptic and postsynaptic plasticity mechanisms are regulated by ncRNA programs.