Oscillatory and steady streaming flow in the anterior chamber of the moving eye

We study the flow induced by eye rotations in the anterior chamber (AC) of the eye, the region between the cornea and the iris. We model the geometry of the AC as a thin domain sitting on the surface of a sphere, and study both the simpler case of a constant-height domain as well as a more realistic AC shape. We model eye rotations as harmonic in time with prescribed frequency omega(f) and amplitude beta, and use lubrication theory to simplify the governing equations. We write the equations in a reference frame moving with the domain and show that fluid motion is governed by three dimensionless parameters: the aspect ratio epsilon of the AC, the angular amplitude fi and the Womersley number alpha. We simplify the equations under the physiologically realistic assumptions that epsilon is small and ff large, leading to a linear system that can be decomposed into three harmonics: a dominant frequency component, with frequency omega(f), and a steady streaming component and a third component with frequency 2 omega(f). We solve the problem analytically for the constant-height domain and numerically as the solution of ordinary differential equations in the more realistic geometry. Both the primary flow and the steady streaming are shown to have a highly three-dimensional structure, which has not been highlighted in previous numerical works. We show that the steady streaming is particularly relevant from the clinical point of view, as it induces fluid mixing in the AC. Furthermore, the steady flow component is the dominant mixing mechanism during the night, when the thermal flow induced by temperature variations across the AC is suppressed.