Lead diffusion in CaTiO3: A combined study using Rutherford backscattering and TOF-SIMS for depth profiling to reveal the role of lattice strain in diffusion processes

We present experimental data on the diffusivity of Pb in CaTiO3 perovskite, which is commonly used for dating kimberlites and carbonatites. Experiments were performed on oriented synthetic and natural CaTiO3 single crystals. The Pb-source was either a laser deposited (Ca0.83Pb0.07)Ti1.05O3 thin film or a (Ca0.9Pb0.1)TiO3 powder reservoir. The crystals were annealed in a high-temperature furnace between 736 and 1135 degrees C and for durations from 2 to 283 h. The diffusion profiles were measured with Rutherford backscattering and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry in the depth-profiling mode. The concentration profiles measured on the same samples with the two analytical methods are in agreement. The measured concentration profiles show two regions-a steep gradient at the diffusion interface that transitions sharply (at similar to 50 to 150 nm from the surface) to a low concentration tail that penetrates deeper into the crystal. This diffusion behavior could be modeled best using diffusion coefficients that are a function of the Pb concentration, with a different set of diffusion coefficient for the high and the low concentration region of the profile, respectively. The diffusion coefficients extracted from the thin film and powder source experiments are similar within uncertainties. Pb diffuses slower at concentrations between 8.5 and 0.6 wt% and 1.6 to 2.6 log units faster below similar to 0.5 wt% Pb. Temperature dependency for each region is discussed in the text, and the Arrhenius relation for the fast diffusion regime that is most relevant for natural samples is D-Pb(fast) = 2.5x10(-13)xexp(-158(24)kJ/mol/RT)m(2)/s. We found a distinct change in the structure of CaTiO3 in the surface region of the single crystal that is coincidental with the change in diffusivity. This initial region is dominated by planar defects. We propose that Pb is trapped in planar defects that have formed due to the high strain introduced into the perovskite structure caused by the mismatch in the ionic radius between Ca2+ and Pb2+. The activation energies obtained here yield closure temperature for Pb in CaTiO3 between 300 and 400 degrees C for a range of different cooling scenarios if diffusive resetting of Pb in CaTiO3 occurs at all. At typical cooling rates of hours to days for ascending kimberlite, the age of crystal growth is preserved, with closure temperatures similar to the magma temperature.