Disparities in kindergarteners’ executive functions at kindergarten entry: Relations with parenting and child care

•Pronounced gradients by parental education gradients were found in children’s executive function at kindergarten entry.•These included gaps between children of parents with a high school degree or less and children of parents with a college degree or more.•Parent and child reading, number of books, and enrollment in private center-based care were associated with reductions in working memory gaps.