Soluble ICAM 1 and VCAM 1 Blood Levels Alert on Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Non Smokers with Asymptomatic Metabolic Syndrome

BACKGROUND:Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a heterogeneous clinical entity associated with insulin resistance, low-grade proinflammatory balance and impaired endothelial function, accelerating atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic lesions worsen with age, smoking and co-morbidities, making it difficult to accurately diagnose the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. AIM:We investigate the association between subclinical atherosclerosis and the presence of blood parameters related to adipocyte and vascular endothelial cell dysfunction, in non-smokers with MetS, under 60 and without previous CVD events. METHODS:Seventy-eight asymptomatic individuals (average 46.5 years, 69% male; 59 MetS and 19 controls) were studied prospectively. Subclinical CVD was defined by the presence of carotid plaque and/or carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) > 0.9 in 2/3D ultrasound-studies, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) or high coronary calcium score (CCS). Multiplex immunoassay by Luminex xMAP was performed to measure plasma levels of adipokines and endothelial cell-derived molecules. RESULTS:Compared with controls, MetS patients had higher prevalence of carotid plaque (25 vs. 0%, p = 0.01), CIMT>0.9 (73 vs. 26%, p = 0.001) and higher CCS (69 vs. 5, p = 0.01), which were associated with a remarkable decrease in plasma Omentin levels and increase in sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and PAI-1 (p <0.05). There was a statistically significant association between CIMT and sICAM-1 (OR: 14.57, 95% CI: 2.56-82.73, p <0.001), sVCAM-1 (OR:7.33, 95% CI: 1,58-33.96, p = 0.007) and PAI-1 (OR:7.80, 95% CI: 1.04-22.10, p = 0.036) in patients with carotid plaque and/or CIMT>0.9. Positive correlation between plaque volume and sICAM-1 levels was also detected (r = 0.40, p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS:We demonstrated that the increase of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1 and PAI-1, together with decrease of omentin-1 led to a proinflammatory imbalance pointing to the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis, and improving CVD risk stratification in non-smoking patients at early stage MetS beyond traditional scores.