Diet and adult age-at-death among mobile foragers: A synthesis of bioarcheological methods.

OBJECTIVES:The research explores whether the combined study of cortical bone histology, bone morphology, and dietary stable isotopes can expand insights into past human health and adaptations, particularly dietary sufficiency and life span. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Midthoracic rib cortices from 54 South African Late Holocene adult skeletons (28 M, 24 F, two sex undetermined) are assessed by transmitted-light microscopy for cross-sectional area measurements, osteon area (On.Ar), osteon population density, and presence/absence of secondary osteon variants. Values for δ13 Cbone collagen , δ15 Nbone collagen , 14 C dates, Southwestern and Southern Cape geographic regions, body size measures, estimated ages-at-death from both morphological and histological methods are integrated into analyses, which include Spearman correlations, χ2 tests and Kruskal-Wallis ANOVAs. RESULTS:There is reduced On.Ar variability with higher δ15 N (r = -.41, p = .005); rib %cortical area and δ15 N are negatively correlated in the Southern Cape group (r = -.60, p = .03). Osteon variants are more common in older adults; histological ages at death are significantly older than those determined from gross morphology. DISCUSSION:We found bone tissue relationships with measures of diet composition, but indicators of dietary adequacy remain elusive. Relationships of tissue quality and isotopes suggest that some Southern Cape adults lived long lives. Osteon variants are associated with age-at-death; some association with diet remains possible. Gross morphological methods appear to underestimate adult ages-at-death, at least among small-bodied adults.