Phylogeny of the gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Cecidomyiinae): systematics, evolution of feeding modes and diversification rates.

•First comprehensive phylogeny of the gall midges (Cecidomyiidae: Cecidomyiinae).•Multi-gene analyses support morphology-based classification.•Herbivory evolved twice from fungivory and predation evolved once from herbivory.•Herbivorous clades are rapidly diversifying and exceptionally species-rich.