Multi-Spectral Lidar: Radiometric Calibration, Canopy Spectral Reflectance, and Vegetation Vertical SVI Profiles.

Multi-spectral (ms) airborne lidar data are enriched relative to traditional lidar due to the multiple channels of intensity digital numbers (DNs), which offer the potential for active Spectral Vegetation Indices (SVIs), enhanced classification, and change monitoring. However, in case of SVIs, indices should be calculated from spectral reflectance values derived from intensity DNs after calibration. In this paper, radiometric calibration of multi-spectral airborne lidar data is presented. A novel low-cost diffuse reflectance coating was adopted for creating radiometric targets. Comparability of spectral reflectance values derived from ms lidar data for coniferous stand (2.5% for 532 nm, 17.6% for 1064 nm, and 8.4% for 1550 nm) to available spectral libraries is shown. Active vertical profiles of SVIs were constructed and compared to modeled results available in the literature. The potential for a new landscape-level active 3D SVI voxel approach is demonstrated. Results of a field experiment with complex radiometric targets for estimating losses in detected lidar signals are described. Finally, an approach for estimating spectral reflectance values from lidar split returns is analyzed and the results show similarity of estimated values of spectral reflectance derived from split returns to spectral reflectance values obtained from single returns (p > 0.05 for paired test).