Two-photon excitation of FluoVolt allows improved interrogation of transmural electrophysiological function in the intact mouse heart.

Background & aims: Two-photon excitation of voltage sensitive dyes (VSDs) can measure rapidly changing electrophysiological signals deep within intact cardiac tissue with improved three-dimensional resolution along with reduced photobleaching and photo-toxicity compared to conventional confocal microscopy. Recently, a category of VSDs has emerged which records membrane potentials by photoinduced electron transfer. FluoVolt is a novel VSD in this category which promises fast response and a 25% fractional change in fluorescence per 100 mV, making it an attractive optical probe for action potential (AP) recordings within intact cardiac tissue. The purpose of this study was to characterize the fluorescent properties of FluoVolt as well as its utility for deep tissue imaging. Methods: Discrete tissue layers throughout the left ventricular wall of isolated perfused murine hearts loaded with FluoVolt or di-4-ANEPPS were sequentially excited with two-photon microscopy. Results: FluoVolt loaded hearts suffered significantly fewer episodes of atrio-ventricular block compared to di-4-ANEPPS loaded hearts, indicating comparatively low toxicity of FluoVolt in the intact heart. APs recorded with FluoVolt were characterized by a lower signal-to-noise ratio and a higher dynamic range compared to APs recorded with di-4-ANEPPS. Although both depolarization and repolarization parameters were similar in APs recorded with either dye, FluoVolt allowed deeper tissue excitation with improved three-dimensional resolution due to reduced out-of-focus fluorescence generation under two-photon excitation. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate several advantages of two-photon excitation of FluoVolt in functional studies in intact heart preparations, including reduced toxicity and improved fluorescent properties. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.