Biomonitoring of mycotoxin exposure using urinary biomarker approaches: a review

Due to the dangerous toxic effects of mycotoxin ingestion via food products, several studies were performed in order to estimate human exposure to dietary mycotoxins as important factor in risk assessment of these food contaminants. The exposure to mycotoxins can be evaluated by using some biomarkers especially in urine among several bio-specimens. The current review was undertaken to provide an overview regarding mycotoxin biomarkers in urine and presenting the recent data on human biomonitoring of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisin, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol using urinary biomarkers. Multi-mycotoxin biomarker approaches for assessment of combined exposure to multiple mycotoxins are also discussed.