Genetic assessments for antelope reintroduction planning in four European breeding programmes

The potential reintroduction value of zoo animals is often cited as a reason for maintaining captive populations. To validate this argument, it is important for conservation breeding programmes to consider the evolutionary history and population genetic diversity of their founders, so that managers can understand the possible consequences of breeding decisions in captivity and to evaluate the options for releasing individuals back to the wild. For the European captive populations of roan antelope (Hippotrogusequinus), greater kudu (Trogelophus strepsiceros or Strepsiceros spp.), common eland (Trogelophus oryx) and waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus or Kobus spp.), there is a need to understand more about their genetic status and to evaluate their likely geographic origin within their natural distribution. We employed DNA nucleotide sequencing of the mitochondrial (mtDNA) control region to identify the maternal lineage of captive animals and inform decision making concerning future possible translocations in each species. Sequence data from 60 individual antelope were compared against existing reference data from wild populations. Sequence analysis of roan, greater kudu and common eland allowed inference of the broad geographic origin and subspecies of each animal's maternal lineage. For waterbuck, clear discrimination of ellipsen and defassa subspecies was not possible due to a zone of hybridisation preventing unambiguous assignment of captive waterbuck to subspecies. Our findings highlight the application of molecular genetic research to a persistent challenge in zoo population management; namely, the need to understand captive genetic variation relative to that found in the wild.