Strong seasonality in the cadmium and phosphate cycling at the subtropical convergence, south-eastern New Zealand

The global distribution of dissolved cadmium (Cd) in the world's oceans is generally well understood. However, information on seasonal variability of this and other trace metals in the open ocean is difficult to obtain and, therefore, our understanding is limited. Here, we present a 3-year time series of field measurements of dissolved and particulate Cd and phosphate (PO4) from a transect across the subtropical convergence, south-eastern New Zealand. In the final year of study, the bioactive trace metals (iron, Fe; zinc, Zn; cobalt, Co) and nutrients (nitrate, NO3; silicate, Si(OH)(4)) were also measured to identify their influence on Cd cycling in the region. Cadmium varied seasonally from 0.009 to 0.137 nM in the sub-Antarctic surface waters (SASW). Zinc in SASW varied between 0.03 and 0.011 nM, which is low enough to suggest Zn limitation year-round. The seasonal input of dissolved Fe may stimulate phytoplankton growth in summer where microplankton (especially diatoms) dominate the phytoplankton distribution. The Cd : PO4 ratio also varied strongly with season (0.015 x 10(-3) to 0.05 x 10(-3)). This seasonal variation in the Cd : PO4 ratio is productivity driven as revealed in the characteristic trend in the Cd : PO4 ratio, particulate Cd and chlorophyll-a measurements. The high seasonal variability between Cd and PO4 complicates the application of the Cd proxy for the reconstruction of historical PO4 concentrations in SASW.