The challenge of quantifying black carbon emissions: A case study from Auckland, New Zealand

Recent studies have identified multiple significant adverse effects of the air pollutant black carbon (BC) on human health and the environment. However, few regulatory agencies in New Zealand and Australia have developed approaches for estimating BC emissions. Although challenging, quantifying emissions is one of the first steps in mitigating and reducing pollutant concentrations. This article reviews the case for adding BC to the list of priority air pollutants for urban air quality management. Drawing on results from a case study carried out in Auckland, New Zealand, the challenges associated with establishing a reliable emissions inventory are highlighted. Sources of uncertainty are identified and the relative scale of these uncertainties are estimated. The results demonstrate the need for further research into common sources of BC in urban environments if the health and environmental impacts of its production and dispersion are to be effectively mitigated.