Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on leaf cell structure and viability, and leaf elongation in the seagrass Halophila stipulacea.

The ecotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) is of increasing concern due to their extensive use in a variety of applications. This study aims to achieve a better understanding of TiO2 NP ecotoxicity by assessing for the first time their effects on seagrasses. Changes in leaf cell structure and viability, and leaf elongation in Halophila stipulacea exposed under laboratory conditions to environmentally relevant TiO2 NP concentrations (0.0015–1.5 mg L−1) for 8 days were assessed. Actin filament (AF) disturbance firstly occurred in differentiating cells at 0.0015 mg L−1 on the 8th day, while in meristematic cells at 0.15 mg L−1 on the 6th day, both deteriorating concentration- and time-dependently. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) appeared aggregated firstly at 0.015 mg L−1 on the 8th day and earlier at the highest concentrations, while microtubules and cell ultrastructure appeared unaffected. Dead cells mainly occurred in older leaves; dead tooth, margin and intercostal epidermal cells exceeded 5% at 0.15–1.5 mg L−1. A significant leaf elongation inhibition occurred at 0.015–1.5 mg L−1 in older leaves and at 1.5 mg L−1 in young apical leaves. AF, ER and leaf elongation impairment in H. stipulacea, being susceptible response parameters, could be used as early warning markers. A risk quotient >1 was calculated, indicating that TiO2 NPs may pose a significant risk to the environment. The data presented underline the need for additional TiO2 NP-seagrasses toxicity information, and could be utilized for the protection of the coastal environment.