Familial Coaggregation of Asthma and Type 1 Diabetes in Children.

Question Is there an association between childhood asthma and type 1 diabetes and do shared familial factors contribute to the comorbidity? Findings In this cohort study including data from 1 284 748 children born in Sweden, asthma and type 1 diabetes co-occurred in individuals and coaggregated within families. Siblings of children with one disease were themselves at an increased risk of the other disease, suggesting a shared familial liability. Meaning Knowledge of the comorbidity between asthma and type 1 diabetes and familial coaggregation extending to siblings is important in understanding the association between atopic and autoimmune disease and may be of future clinical importance. This population-based cohort study examines the co-occurrence of asthma and type 1 diabetes, as well as familial aggregation of the diseases, in children. Importance The association between atopic and autoimmune disease, particularly asthma and type 1 diabetes, has been debated. Further understanding of the underlying factors associated with the comorbidity in children is warranted. Objectives To assess the bidirectional association between asthma and type 1 diabetes and examine the possibility of a shared risk for the diseases by studying their pattern of familial coaggregation. Design, Setting, and Participants A birth cohort study of children born from January 1, 2001, and followed up until December 31, 2015, was performed. Population data were obtained from multiple national Swedish registers. A total of 1 347 901 singleton children, live-born in Sweden between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2013, were identified, and children with incomplete data were excluded. The remaining 1 284 748 children were linked to their biological full siblings, maternal and paternal half-siblings, cousins, and half-cousins. Data analysis was conducted from April 1, 2019, to January 17, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures Cases of asthma and type 1 diabetes were defined using a combination of diagnoses and medication prescriptions found in the registers. Results In the cohort of 1 284 748 children, 660 738 children (51.4%) were boys; 121 809 children (9.5%) had asthma, 3812 children (0.3%) had type 1 diabetes, and 494 children had both asthma and type 1 diabetes, representing 0.4% of all asthma or 13% of all type 1 diabetes. Mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 3.0 (2.8) years for children with asthma, and 5.9 (3.3) years for those with type 1 diabetes. Asthma and type 1 diabetes were associated within individuals (odds ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.05-1.27). Children with asthma had an increased risk of subsequent type 1 diabetes (hazard ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.06-1.27); however, subsequent asthma risk did not differ substantially among children with type 1 diabetes (hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.75-1.12). Siblings of individuals with asthma were at an increased risk of type 1 diabetes (odds ratio, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.13-1.42) and vice versa. The results remained positive after controlling for the direct association of one disease with the other. Conclusions and Relevance This study appears to provide evidence for co-occurrence, importance of sequential appearance, and coaggregation of asthma and type 1 diabetes in children and their siblings. The findings may suggest shared familial factors contributing to the associations. Knowledge of the nature of the association could be of importance in future clinical practice.