Coresets via Bilevel Optimization for Continual Learning and Streaming
NIPS 2020, 2020.
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Abstract:
Coresets are small data summaries that are sufficient for model training. They can be maintained online, enabling efficient handling of large data streams under resource constraints. However, existing constructions are limited to simple models such as k-means and logistic regression. In this work, we propose a novel coreset construction...More
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Introduction
- More and more applications rely on predictive models that are learnt online. A crucial, and in general open problem is to reliably maintain accurate models as data arrives over time.
- The data arrives sequentially and the notion of task is not defined
- For such practically important settings where data arrives in a non-iid manner, the performance of models can degrade arbitrarily.
- This is especially problematic in the non-convex setting of deep learning, where this phenomenon is referred to as catastrophic forgetting [43, 22].
- A crucial tool that allows them apply first-order methods by enabling the calculation of the gradient of G with respect to w is the implicit function theorem applied to
Highlights
- More and more applications rely on predictive models that are learnt online
- While the latter work uses a similar strategy for sensor subset selection to ours, we investigate the different setting of weighted data summarization for continual learning and streaming with neural networks
- We demonstrate how our coreset construction can achieve significant performance gains in continual learning and in the more challenging streaming settings with neural networks
- Whereas coresets outperform uniform sampling and active learning by a large margin, the RBF kernel is a surprisingly good proxy, by matching the performance of the convolutional neural tangent kernel (CNTK) and achieving above 97% test accuracy when trained on 250 chosen samples
- We presented a novel framework for coreset generation based on bilevel optimization with cardinality constraints
- Our method significantly outperforms reservoir sampling on average test accuracy
- We showed that our method yields representative data summaries for neural networks and illustrated its advantages in alleviating catastrophic forgetting in continual learning and streaming deep learning, where our coreset construction substantially outperforms existing summarization strategies
Methods
- Uniform sampling k-means of features k-center of embeddings
Hardest samples iCaRL’s selection Coreset
Streaming coreset, train at the end Reservoir sampling Streaming coreset
VCL, k-center VCL, uniform VCL, coreset PermMNIST SplitMNIST
SplitFashionMNIST
6.2 Continual Learning
The authors validate the method in the replay memory-based approach to continual learning. - The results in Table 6 confirm that the method has better training performance on the stream by 4%, but represents past tasks better than reservoir sampling by a large margin.
- The imbalanced stream is created by splitting CIFAR-10 into 5 tasks, where each task consist of distinguishing between two consecutive classes of images, and retaining 200 random samples from the first four tasks and 2000 from the last task.
- The authors evaluate the test accuracy on the tasks individually, where the authors do not undersample the test set
Results
- Whereas coresets outperform uniform sampling and active learning by a large margin, the RBF kernel is a surprisingly good proxy, by matching the performance of the CNTK and achieving above 97% test accuracy when trained on 250 chosen samples.
- The authors can notice that in each step, the method selects the sample that has the potential to increase the accuracy by the largest amount: the first 10 samples are picked from different classes, after which the method diversifies within the classes.
- The authors' method significantly outperforms reservoir sampling on average test accuracy
Conclusion
- The authors presented a novel framework for coreset generation based on bilevel optimization with cardinality constraints.
- The authors showed that the method yields representative data summaries for neural networks and illustrated its advantages in alleviating catastrophic forgetting in continual learning and streaming deep learning, where the coreset construction substantially outperforms existing summarization strategies
Summary
Introduction:
More and more applications rely on predictive models that are learnt online. A crucial, and in general open problem is to reliably maintain accurate models as data arrives over time.- The data arrives sequentially and the notion of task is not defined
- For such practically important settings where data arrives in a non-iid manner, the performance of models can degrade arbitrarily.
- This is especially problematic in the non-convex setting of deep learning, where this phenomenon is referred to as catastrophic forgetting [43, 22].
- A crucial tool that allows them apply first-order methods by enabling the calculation of the gradient of G with respect to w is the implicit function theorem applied to
Objectives:
The authors first present the coreset construction given a fixed dataset X = {(xi, yi)}ni=1.2 The authors consider a weighted variant of empirical risk minimization (ERM) where the goal is to minimize L(θ, w) =.- The authors' goal is to apply the coreset construction to complex models like deep neural networks.
- The authors' goal is to compare the method to other data summarization strategies for managing the replay memory
Methods:
Uniform sampling k-means of features k-center of embeddings
Hardest samples iCaRL’s selection Coreset
Streaming coreset, train at the end Reservoir sampling Streaming coreset
VCL, k-center VCL, uniform VCL, coreset PermMNIST SplitMNIST
SplitFashionMNIST
6.2 Continual Learning
The authors validate the method in the replay memory-based approach to continual learning.- The results in Table 6 confirm that the method has better training performance on the stream by 4%, but represents past tasks better than reservoir sampling by a large margin.
- The imbalanced stream is created by splitting CIFAR-10 into 5 tasks, where each task consist of distinguishing between two consecutive classes of images, and retaining 200 random samples from the first four tasks and 2000 from the last task.
- The authors evaluate the test accuracy on the tasks individually, where the authors do not undersample the test set
Results:
Whereas coresets outperform uniform sampling and active learning by a large margin, the RBF kernel is a surprisingly good proxy, by matching the performance of the CNTK and achieving above 97% test accuracy when trained on 250 chosen samples.- The authors can notice that in each step, the method selects the sample that has the potential to increase the accuracy by the largest amount: the first 10 samples are picked from different classes, after which the method diversifies within the classes.
- The authors' method significantly outperforms reservoir sampling on average test accuracy
Conclusion:
The authors presented a novel framework for coreset generation based on bilevel optimization with cardinality constraints.- The authors showed that the method yields representative data summaries for neural networks and illustrated its advantages in alleviating catastrophic forgetting in continual learning and streaming deep learning, where the coreset construction substantially outperforms existing summarization strategies
Tables
- Table1: Upper and middle: Continual learning and streaming with replay memory of size 100. Lower: VCL with 20 summary points / task. We report the average test accuracy over the tasks with std. over 5 runs with different random seeds. The methods using our coreset construction dominate
- Table2: Imbalanced streaming on SplitMNIST and
- Table3: Continual learning and streaming with replay memory of size 100. We report the average test accuracy over the tasks with standard deviation calculated over 5 runs with different random seeds. Methods using our coreset construction dominate
- Table4: Replay memory size study on SplitMNIST. Our method offers bigger improvements with smaller memory sizes
- Table5: RBF vs CNTK on SplitMNIST. The two kernels offer similar performance
- Table6: Imbalanced streaming on SplitMNIST. Our method outperforms reservoir sampling by a large margin both on train accuracy on the stream and on average test accuracy on the tasks
- Table7: Imbalanced streaming on the split version of CIFAR-10. Our method significantly outperforms reservoir sampling on average test accuracy on the tasks
Related work
- Continual Learning and Streaming. Continual learning with neural networks has received an increasing interest recently. The approaches for alleviating catastrophic forgetting fall into three main categories: using weight regularization to restrict deviation from parameters learned on old tasks [31, 44]; architectural adaptations for the tasks [49]; and replay-based approaches, where samples from old tasks are either reproduced via a replay memory [39] or via generative models [51]. In Preprint.
this work, we focus on the replay-based approach, which provides strong empirical performance [9], despite its simplicity. In contrast, the more challenging setting of streaming using neural networks has received little attention. To the best of our knowledge, the replay-based approach to streaming has been tackled by [2, 26], which we compare against experimentally.
Funding
- This research was supported by the SNSF grant 407540_167212 through the NRP 75 Big Data program and by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme grant agreement No 815943
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