Slowly growing plantar mass in a 40-year-old immigrant.

A 43-year-old male agriculture worker who arrived to the United States from Mexico 20 years earlier presented with a 16-year history of progressive soft tissue enlargement of the plantar foot (Fig 1). An incisional biopsy was performed (Figs 2 and 3). Magnetic resonance imaging found joint effusions of fourth and fifth metatarsals and phlegmonous changes around the third, fourth, and fifth metatarsals.Fig 2View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)Fig 3View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) Question 1: Based on the clinical presentation and histology, what is the most likely diagnosis?A.Actinomycotic mycetomaB.Lymphatic filariasisC.Eumycotic mycetomaD.Kaposi sarcoma (KS)E.Chromoblastomycosis Answers:A.Actinomycotic mycetoma (actinomycetoma) – Correct. The history of a large infiltrative plaque on the foot, along with occupational risk factors and residence or travel in endemic areas (Africa or Central and South America) are associated with Madura foot (mycetoma). Mycetoma is a chronic deep infection of the dermal and subcutaneous tissue that affects the feet in most cases.1Reis C.M.S. Reis-Filho E.G.M. Mycetomas: an epidemiological, etiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic review.An Bras Dermatol. 2018; 93: 8-18Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar,2Zijlstra E.E. van de Sande W.W. Welsh O. Mahgoub el S. Goodfellow M. Fahal A.H. Mycetoma: a unique neglected tropical disease.Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16: 100-112Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (171) Google Scholar Over time, the infection may spread to muscle and bone, including joint effusions and phlegmonous changes.1Reis C.M.S. Reis-Filho E.G.M. Mycetomas: an epidemiological, etiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic review.An Bras Dermatol. 2018; 93: 8-18Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar,2Zijlstra E.E. van de Sande W.W. Welsh O. Mahgoub el S. Goodfellow M. Fahal A.H. Mycetoma: a unique neglected tropical disease.Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16: 100-112Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (171) Google Scholar Magnetic resonance imaging is an important tool to guide treatment of mycetoma. Actinomycetoma occurs more commonly in Central and South America. Actinomadura spp. and Nocardia spp. are the most common organisms isolated in actinomycetoma in the Americas and can be distinguished by the Fite-Faraco stain, which highlights the partially acid-fast Nocardia.1Reis C.M.S. Reis-Filho E.G.M. Mycetomas: an epidemiological, etiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic review.An Bras Dermatol. 2018; 93: 8-18Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar,2Zijlstra E.E. van de Sande W.W. Welsh O. Mahgoub el S. Goodfellow M. Fahal A.H. Mycetoma: a unique neglected tropical disease.Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16: 100-112Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (171) Google ScholarB.Lymphatic filariasis – Incorrect. Only early lymphatic filariasis would have the immune response present in the histologic images presented. Further adult worms usually persist for 5 years, with some living up to 15 years.3OtteSen E. The Wellcome Trust Lecture: infection and disease in lymphatic filariasis: an immunological perspective.Parasitology. 1992; 104: S71-S79Crossref PubMed Scopus (161) Google ScholarC.Eumycotic mycetoma – Incorrect. Eumycotic mycetoma (eumycetoma) occurs more commonly in areas with longer wet seasons such as Africa and India. Eumycetoma and actinomycetoma are differentiated by gross and microscopic inspection of grains. Eumycetoma have large grains that are ≥1 to 2 mm in diameter that are composed of broad fungal hyphae, whereas actinomycetoma grains are smaller and composed of narrow filamentous bacteria.1Reis C.M.S. Reis-Filho E.G.M. Mycetomas: an epidemiological, etiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic review.An Bras Dermatol. 2018; 93: 8-18Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar,2Zijlstra E.E. van de Sande W.W. Welsh O. Mahgoub el S. Goodfellow M. Fahal A.H. Mycetoma: a unique neglected tropical disease.Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16: 100-112Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (171) Google ScholarD.KS – Incorrect. Although this case is in a typical location for the classic type of KS, KS does not demonstrate multiple sinuses or suppurative or granulomatous inflammation.4Grayson W. Pantanowitz L. Histological variants of cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma.Diagn Pathol. 2008; 3: 31Crossref PubMed Scopus (145) Google ScholarE.Chromoblastomycosis – Incorrect. Chromoblastomycosis is characterized by medlar or sclerotic bodies, pigmented yeast with pathognomonic septations.5Queiroz-Telles F. de Hoog S. Santos D.W. et al.Chromoblastomycosis.Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017; 30: 233-276Crossref PubMed Scopus (154) Google Scholar Question 2: What are the histopathologic features of this diagnosis?A.Fragments of worms, microfilariae, macrophages, and variable epithelioid granulomasB.Granules with delicate, gram-positive branching filaments less than 1 μm in diameterC.Masses of periodic acid–Schiff–positive hyphae embedded in intercellular cement with filaments wider than 1 to 2 μmD.Cellular proliferation of neoplastic spindled cells arranged in fascicles with hemorrhageE.Hyperchromatic and pleomorphic endothelial cells lining vessels that dissect dermal collagen Answers:A.Fragments of worms, microfilariae, macrophages, and variable epithelioid granulomas – Incorrect. This description is of lymphatic filariasis.3OtteSen E. The Wellcome Trust Lecture: infection and disease in lymphatic filariasis: an immunological perspective.Parasitology. 1992; 104: S71-S79Crossref PubMed Scopus (161) Google ScholarB.Granules with delicate, gram-positive branching filaments less than 1 μm in diameter – Correct. The grains of actinomycetoma are distinguished histologically from eumycetoma based on morphology, aided by special stains. Gram stain highlights the thin filamentous bacteria Nocardia and Actinomadura. In contrast, the thick hyphae of eumycetoma are highlighted by periodic acid–Schiff and Gomori methenamine-silver stains.1Reis C.M.S. Reis-Filho E.G.M. Mycetomas: an epidemiological, etiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic review.An Bras Dermatol. 2018; 93: 8-18Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar,2Zijlstra E.E. van de Sande W.W. Welsh O. Mahgoub el S. Goodfellow M. Fahal A.H. Mycetoma: a unique neglected tropical disease.Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16: 100-112Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (171) Google ScholarC.Masses of periodic acid–Schiff–positive hyphae embedded in intercellular cement with filaments wider than 1 to 2 μm – Incorrect. This description is of eumycetoma, which is most commonly caused by Madurella mycetomatis. Eumycetoma grains should be washed with antibiotics and cultured for a minimum of 6 weeks on Sabouraud agar enriched with antibiotics. Mycetoma plates should be incubated at 25°C and 37°C to identify the causative agent.1Reis C.M.S. Reis-Filho E.G.M. Mycetomas: an epidemiological, etiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic review.An Bras Dermatol. 2018; 93: 8-18Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar,2Zijlstra E.E. van de Sande W.W. Welsh O. Mahgoub el S. Goodfellow M. Fahal A.H. Mycetoma: a unique neglected tropical disease.Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16: 100-112Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (171) Google ScholarD.Cellular proliferation of neoplastic spindled cells arranged in fascicles with hemorrhage – Incorrect. The nodular stage of KS is cellular spindle cell proliferation with cytologic atypia, mitotic activity, and hemorrhage.4Grayson W. Pantanowitz L. Histological variants of cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma.Diagn Pathol. 2008; 3: 31Crossref PubMed Scopus (145) Google ScholarE.Hyperchromatic and pleomorphic endothelial cells lining vessels that dissect dermal collagen – Incorrect. This is a typical morphologic description of angiosarcoma. Immunohistochemistry demonstrates expression of CD31, CD34, D2-40, or Ulex europaeus-1 lectin by neoplastic cells.6Sharma A. Schwartz R.A. Stewart–Treves syndrome: pathogenesis and management.J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012; 67: 1342-1348Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (109) Google Scholar Question 3: Which of the following would be an appropriate treatment option for this patient?A.Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and amikacinB.ItraconazoleC.Penicillin GD.KetoconazoleE.Amphotericin B Answers:A.Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and amikacin – Correct. Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and dapsone for 2 to 3 years comprise the first-line therapeutic regimen for the 4 most common pathogens underlying actinomycotic mycetoma.1Reis C.M.S. Reis-Filho E.G.M. Mycetomas: an epidemiological, etiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic review.An Bras Dermatol. 2018; 93: 8-18Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar,2Zijlstra E.E. van de Sande W.W. Welsh O. Mahgoub el S. Goodfellow M. Fahal A.H. Mycetoma: a unique neglected tropical disease.Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16: 100-112Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (171) Google ScholarB.Itraconazole – Incorrect. Itraconazole is the first-line medical treatment for eumycetoma. This therapy is not curative but reduces disease burden in preparation for surgery.1Reis C.M.S. Reis-Filho E.G.M. Mycetomas: an epidemiological, etiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic review.An Bras Dermatol. 2018; 93: 8-18Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar,2Zijlstra E.E. van de Sande W.W. Welsh O. Mahgoub el S. Goodfellow M. Fahal A.H. Mycetoma: a unique neglected tropical disease.Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16: 100-112Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (171) Google ScholarC.Penicillin G – Incorrect. Penicillin G plays no role in the major treatment regimens of actinomycetoma. Penicillin G is indicated in the treatment of Actinomyces rather than Actinomadura.1Reis C.M.S. Reis-Filho E.G.M. Mycetomas: an epidemiological, etiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic review.An Bras Dermatol. 2018; 93: 8-18Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar,2Zijlstra E.E. van de Sande W.W. Welsh O. Mahgoub el S. Goodfellow M. Fahal A.H. Mycetoma: a unique neglected tropical disease.Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16: 100-112Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (171) Google ScholarD.Ketoconazole – Incorrect. Ketoconazole has been used in the treatment of eumycetoma but is no longer recommended because of hepatotoxicity associated with systemic administration.1Reis C.M.S. Reis-Filho E.G.M. Mycetomas: an epidemiological, etiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic review.An Bras Dermatol. 2018; 93: 8-18Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar,2Zijlstra E.E. van de Sande W.W. Welsh O. Mahgoub el S. Goodfellow M. Fahal A.H. Mycetoma: a unique neglected tropical disease.Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16: 100-112Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (171) Google ScholarE.Amphotericin B – Incorrect. Amphotericin B was historically used in the treatment of eumycetoma but is no longer recommended because of toxicity and high relapse rates.1Reis C.M.S. Reis-Filho E.G.M. Mycetomas: an epidemiological, etiological, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic review.An Bras Dermatol. 2018; 93: 8-18Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar,2Zijlstra E.E. van de Sande W.W. Welsh O. Mahgoub el S. Goodfellow M. Fahal A.H. Mycetoma: a unique neglected tropical disease.Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16: 100-112Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (171) Google Scholar