Transcription factors Satb 1 and Satb 2 are required for normal direction selective responses in the mouse retina

Program Number: 2751 Poster Board Number: D0285 Presentation Time: 3:45 PM–5:30 PM A New Space-time Model of Vision Caiping Hu1, 2, Xuemin Jin3, Jun Yuan1, Malcolm Slaughter4. 1Ophthalmology, Zhengzhou Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; 2Visual Physiology, Zhengzhou Eye Institute, Zhengzhou, China; 3Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; 4Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY. Purpose: The new findings in the intrinsic electrophysiology and light responses of retinal bipolar and ganglion cells suggest a new visual encoding model. This model could explain symptoms and signs of retinal diseases in human. We try to suggest this kind of model according to our research results in visual science and ophthalmology. Methods: We use the geometric and physical principles in explaining the light perceptions in retina. The rod/cone and melanopsinexpressed ganglion photoreceptors and their structures match the focused light source after the refractive system. A model system of spatiotemporal navigation in the light world fits these basic and clinical data well. Results: We define a four-dimensional light cone focused in the whole layer retina as the basic unit of light perception in retina. The conventional rod/cone photoreceptors sense the top part of the light cone while the melanopsin-expressed ganglion photoreceptors perceive its base, mainly time dimension. As a exquisite navigating organ in human and animal, the space localization with high resolution is mainly carried out by rod/cone-bipolar system. The ganglion photoreceptors manage time navigation (including day/ night cycle and short-term period). The trig functions can explain the graded ON/OFF signal system for spatial localization in retinal bipolar cells. A series of more complicated functions, describing the temporal dimension, could grasp the spike signal system (including Ca2+ and Na+ spikes) in both the rod/cone-bipolar and ganglion photoreceptor pathways. The two perpendicular photoreceptor systems are designed for the four-dimensional light cone. Multiple parallel pathways in the curved retina are exploited to encode the spatiotemporal localization of four-dimension light cone according to relativity. Conclusions: Eye is a spatiotemporal navigating organ which is designed according to the spatiotemporal relativity theory. Commercial Relationships: Caiping Hu, None; Xuemin Jin, None; Jun Yuan, None; Malcolm Slaughter, None