Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing by Sensitive 2 Detection of Precursor Ribosomal RNA Using a Novel 3 Electrochemical Biosensing Platform

5 6 Running Title: Electrochemical Sensor Assay for Pre-Ribosomal RNA 7 8 9 Colin Halford, Rodrigo Gonzalez, Susana Campuzano, Bo Hu, Jane T. Babbitt, Jun Liu, 10 Joseph Wang, Bernard M. Churchill, and David A. Haake* 11 12 13 Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, U.S.A., 14 Departments of Urology and Medicine, and Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular 15 Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los 16 Angeles, CA 90095, the Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 17 La Jolla, CA 92093, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of 18 Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA 19