SNSMIL , a real time single localization algorithm for super

e past century has seen an ever intensifying demand of science and technology to investigate structure, composition and state of matter on increasingly smaller length scales. Consequently, this led to an unforeseen and impressive role for microscopy techniques that exist now in many modalities exploiting a great variety of physical and chemical processes (e.g., neutron or x-ray scattering and di raction, atomic force and conductance measurements, infrared absorption). Since its invention a hundred years ago (Otto Heimstädt and Heinrich Lehmann, between 1911 and 1913) uorescence microscopy has been developed enormously to the most versatile non-invasive microscopy modality of today. Its primary application elds are material nanoscience and modern cell biology. ere exists, however, a severe limitation in the performance of an optical (here uorescence) microscope – that is its non-in nitely small resolution capacity as has been formulated already in the late 19th century. Using the best modern high numerical aperture (NA) oil-immersion microscope objectives, a maximal lateral resolution between 160 nm and 250 nm can be achieved (for detection wavelengths from 400 nm to 750 nm). is causes a great limitation for the use of uorescence microscopy, since many