The Beaker Phenomenon and the Genomic 1 Transformation of Northwest Europe 2 3

Transformation of Northwest Europe 2 3 Iñigo Olalde, Selina Brace, Morten E. Allentoft, Ian Armit*, Kristian Kristiansen*, Nadin 4 Rohland, Swapan Mallick, Thomas Booth, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, Alissa Mittnik, 5 Eveline Altena, Mark Lipson, Iosif Lazaridis, Nick Patterson, Nasreen 6 Broomandkhoshbacht, Yoan Diekmann, Zuzana Faltyskova, Daniel Fernandes, 7 Matthew Ferry, Eadaoin Harney, Peter de Knijff, Megan Michel, Jonas Oppenheimer, 8 Kristin Stewardson, Alistair Barclay, Kurt W. Alt, Azucena Avilés Fernández, Eszter 9 Bánffy, Maria Bernabò-Brea, David Billoin, Concepción Blasco, Clive Bonsall, Laura 10 Bonsall, Tim Allen, Lindsey Büster, Sophie Carver, Laura Castells Navarro, Oliver 11 Edward Craig, Gordon T. Cook, Barry Cunliffe, Anthony Denaire, Kirsten Egging 12 Dinwiddy, Natasha Dodwell, Michal Ernée, Christopher Evans, Milan Kuchařík, Joan 13 Francès Farré, Harry Fokkens, Chris Fowler, Michiel Gazenbeek, Rafael Garrido Pena, 14 María Haber-Uriarte, Elżbieta Haduch, Gill Hey, Nick Jowett, Timothy Knowles, Ken 15 Massy, Saskia Pfrengle, Philippe Lefranc, Olivier Lemercier, Arnaud Lefebvre, 16 Joaquín Lomba Maurandi, Tona Majó, Jacqueline I. McKinley, Kathleen McSweeney, 17 Mende Balázs Gusztáv, Alessandra Modi, Gabriella Kulcsár, Viktória Kiss, András 18 Czene, Róbert Patay, Anna Endrődi, Kitti Köhler, Tamás Hajdu, João Luís 19 Cardoso, Corina Liesau, Michael Parker Pearson, Piotr Włodarczak, T. Douglas Price, 20 Pilar Prieto, Pierre-Jérôme Rey, Patricia Ríos, Roberto Risch, Manuel A. Rojo Guerra, 21 Aurore Schmitt, Joël Serralongue, Ana Maria Silva, Václav Smrčka, Luc Vergnaud, 22 João Zilhão, David Caramelli, Thomas Higham, Volker Heyd, Alison Sheridan, 23 Karl-Göran Sjögren, Mark G. Thomas, Philipp W. Stockhammer, Ron Pinhasi, 24 Johannes Krause, Wolfgang Haak*, Ian Barnes*, Carles Lalueza-Fox*, David 25 Reich* 26 27 *Principal investigators who contributed centrally to this study 28 To whom correspondence should be addressed: D.R. (reich@genetics.med.harvard.edu), I.O. 29 (inigo_olalde@hms.harvard.edu) 30 31