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A probiotic is defined as a “live microorganism which when administered in adequate amounts confers a health benefit on the host”. There is a growing interest in probiotics within the scientific community, with consumers, and in the food industry. Thus, a large body of literature exploring the mechanisms of action of probiotic strains and their effects on human health is actually available. In the last twenty years, our research group has been pledged to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of selected strains of probiotics. Here, we retrace the most significant stages of our research on probiotics, reporting, in particular, in vitro and in vivo findings regarding their antiinflammation and anti-cancer properties.