Left Atrial Diameter and Atrial Fibrillation, but Not Elevated NT-proBNP, Predict the Development of Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients with HFpEF

Background The determinants of pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) have been poorly investigated in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Methods From July 1 2017 to March 31 2019, a total of 149 consecutive HFpEF patients hospitalized with CVD were enrolled in this prospective cross-sectional study. A systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PASP) > 35 mmHg estimated by echocardiography was defined as PH-HFpEF. Logistic regression was performed to establish predictors of PH in HFpEF patients. Results Overall, the mean age of participants was 72 +/- 11 years, and 74 (49.7%) patients were females. A total of 59 (39.6%) patients were diagnosed with PH-HFpEF by echocardiography. The left atrial diameter (LAD) was related to the ratio of the transmitral flow velocities/mitral annulus tissue velocities in early diastole (E/E') and the left ventricular diameter in systole (LVDs). N-Terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) was not found to be associated with LAD and impaired diastolic or systolic function of the left ventricle. Multivariable logistic regression showed that atrial fibrillation (AF) increased the risk of PH-HFpEF incidence 3.46-fold with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.44-8.32, P = 0.005. Meanwhile, LAD >= 45 mm resulted in a 3.43-fold increased risk, 95% CI: 1.51-7.75, P = 0.003. However, the significance levels of NT-proBNP, age and LVEF were underpowered in the regression model. Two variables, AF and LAD >= 45 mm, predicted the PH-HFpEF incidence (C-statistic = 0.773, 95% CI: 0.695-0.852, P < 0.001). Conclusions Two parameters associated with electrical and anatomical remodelling of the left atrium were related to the incidence of PH in HFpEF patients with CVD.