Lassa virus antigen distribution and inflammation in the ear of infected strain 13/N Guinea pigs

Sudden-onset sensorineuronal hearing loss (SNHL) is reported in approximately one-third of survivors of Lassa fever (LF) and remains the most prominent cause of Lassa virus (LASV)-associated morbidity in convalescence. Using a guinea pig model of LF, and incorporating animals from LASV vaccine trials, we investigated viral antigen distribution and histopathology in the ear of infected animals to elucidate the pathogenesis of hearing loss associated with LASV infection. Antigen was detected only in animals that succumbed to disease and was found within structures of the inner ear that are intimately associated with neural detection and/or translation of auditory stimuli and in adjacent vasculature. No inflammation or viral cytopathic changes were observed in the inner ear or surrounding structures in these animals. In contrast, no viral antigen was detected in the ear of surviving animals. However, all survivors that exhibited clinical signs of disease during the course of infection developed perivascular mononuclear inflammation within and adjacent to the ear, indicating an ongoing inflammatory response in these animals that may contribute to hearing loss. These data contribute to the knowledge of LASV pathogenesis in the auditory system, support an immune-mediated process resulting in LASV-associated hearing loss, and demonstrate that vaccination protecting animals from clinical disease can also prevent infection-associated auditory pathology.