Red Elemental Selenium (se0) Improves the Immunoactivities of EPC Cells, Crucian Carp and Zebrafish Against Spring Viraemia of Carp Virus

Selenium, as an essential trace element, interferes through selenoproteins in many physiological processes of plants and mammals. Its antiviral activity has recently attracted much attention because selenium improves the antiviral capacity of animal cells against a few viruses relevant to human diseases. In this study, the red elemental selenium was purified from the fermentative culture ofHerbaspirillum camelliaeWT00C and then used to culture epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells or feed crucian carp and zebrafish. Finally, its antiviral effects were investigated at the cell level and living fishes after spring viraemia of carp virus infection. At the cell level, 5, 10 and 20 mu g ml(-1)red elemental selenium significantly induced the expression of interferon (IFN) andISG15 genes in EPC cells. The viral TCID50(50% tissue culture infective dose) values in the EPC cells incubated with 5, 10 and 20 mu g ml(-1)red elemental selenium were significantly less than those of the control. More expression ofIFNandISG15 genes and less TCID(50)values indicate that red elemental selenium indeed improves the antiviral capability of EPC cells. In the crucian carp fed with the food containing 5 and 10 mu g g(-1)red elemental selenium,IFNexpressions showed 13- and 39-fold increases at the 16th day of post-injection, and its expression was dependent on selenium concentrations. Meanwhile, no fish death occurred in all the experimental groups. In the zebrafish fed with the red worm containing 5 mu g g(-1)red elemental selenium,IFNandMxexpressions and survival rate were significantly higher than those of the control. The results of this study show that red elemental selenium indeed improves the antiviral activity of fish. The antiviral effects of selenium mainly come from its immune regulation through its incorporation into selenoproteins. The optimum level of selenium contributes to improving fish immunity, whereas excess selenium causes excessive immune and inflammatory responses.