Low-cost desalination of seawater and hypersaline brine using nanophotonics enhanced solar energy membrane distillation

A stand-alone small-scale nanophotonics enhanced solar membrane distillation (NESMD) testbed was designed, developed, and tested for desalinating seawater and high salinity feedwaters. This NESMD system can take almost any source water and turn it into clean water with sunlight as the only energy source. The NESMD technology applies nanophotonic coating materials on a commercial hydrophobic polypropylene support of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane surface. The photothermal coating serves as a solar thermal collector, absorbs solar energy, and generates highly localized heat on the membrane, while the rest of the membrane performs membrane distillation functions. The presented NESMD system is equipped with an internal heat recovery system with no need for external electricity and no additional water for cooling. The NESMD testbed is installed and tested at Rice University campus (29.7174 degrees N, 95.4018 degrees W). In this study, real seawater from Galveston Bay, Texas, U.S. and high salinity simulated feedwaters (total dissolved solids (TDS) of 113 200-200 000 PPM) have been tested for long-term testing under the weather conditions of Houston, Texas. The field testing results showed stable desalination performance in consecutive 5-8 hour operation cycles, with a TDS removal of >= 99.5% in all experiments. An average daily membrane flux of >= 0.75 L m(-2)h(-1)was achieved at a solar intensity close to 1 kW m(-2)without an external heat exchanger. Further investigations and improvements are required to enhance the performance of the reactor since it is still a new promising technology.