Extraction and pre-concentration of ketamine by using a three-dimensional spongin-based scaffold of the Haliclona sp. marine demosponge origin

In this research, a novel renewable biomaterial spongin of marine sponge origin has been used as adsorbent in a miniaturized method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) for the pre-concentration and determination of ketamine. The subsequent determinations of ketamine have been performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Various potential effective factors during extraction procedure including pH value, amount of adsorbent, elution volume and its type, washing volume and its ratio, extraction time and salt concentration of the sample solution were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the linear dynamic range for ketamine determination was 10–1000 ng mL −1 . The relative standard deviation (RSD%, n = 5) for determination of ketamine (20 ng mL −1 ) was 2.8%, and the calculated limit of detection was 1.7 ng mL −1 . The developed SPE procedure has been successfully applied for analysis of ketamine in water, urine and apple juice samples with high precision and accuracy.