Pharmacologic Prophylaxis of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy.

Different pharmacologic agents have been tested in the effort to prevent contrast-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in the last two decades. To date, however, no individual drug has received unanimous approval for this aim. Since 2014 statins have been included as preventive treatment in the European guidelines for revascularization procedures in cardiac patients. The present update presents the latest findings in this field focusing on the changing paradigms in the definition and consequently the approach to nephroprotection that considers clinical prognosis as the major issue. We note the current shift from attention to contrast-induced AKI to contrast-associated AKI.